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Vegetable · Asteraceae family

Belgian endive (witloof)

Cichorium intybus (Witloof Group)

Full sun to part shade 0.3–1.2 m × 0.15–0.6 m Harvest October–March to −34 °C

In short a 10-second read

SunFull sun to part shade
Size0.3–1.2 m
spacing 15 cm
SowingMay–June
HarvestOctober–March
WinterLift and store for winter

Where to plant and how much to water

Sun, soil and water.

It grows best in full sun to part shade, in average to moist soil.

Sun

Sun6 hours or more
Part shade3–6 hours
Shadeunder 3 h

Soil

neutral to alkaline soil
acidicneutralalkaline
average to moistloamysandyhumus-rich

Watering

Belgian endive (witloof) — Watering
only in dry spellsless when it rains

Frost

−34 °C
lift and store for winter

How much space it takes

Mature size.

The mature plant next to a person (175 cm).

50 cm1 m1.5 m0.3–1.2 mspread 0.15–0.6 m
0.3–1.2 m× spread 0.15–0.6 m

Plant 15 cm apart.

How to plant: in rows, 15 cm in the row, 30 cm between rows

The final size depends on the cultivar and the spot — we give the range from smallest to largest.

Calendar

Through the year.

Months for Central Europe. The line shows the current month.

The year at a glance

Sowing: JanuarySowing: FebruarySowing: MarchSowing: AprilSowing: MaySowing: JuneSowing: JulySowing: AugustSowing: SeptemberSowing: OctoberSowing: NovemberSowing: DecemberFeeding: JanuaryFeeding: FebruaryFeeding: MarchFeeding: AprilFeeding: MayFeeding: JuneFeeding: JulyFeeding: AugustFeeding: SeptemberFeeding: OctoberFeeding: NovemberFeeding: DecemberHarvest: JanuaryHarvest: FebruaryHarvest: MarchHarvest: AprilHarvest: MayHarvest: JuneHarvest: JulyHarvest: AugustHarvest: SeptemberHarvest: OctoberHarvest: NovemberHarvest: DecemberJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
SowingFeedingHarvest
Now, in October: time to harvest. · watch for grey mould.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Sowing

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

direct sowing: May–June

Feeding

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

May

Harvest

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

October–March

Feeding

Nutrition.

Belgian endive (witloof) — Feeding
Horn meal

up to 50 g/m² · in 1 dose · May

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Pests and diseases

Common problems and what to do.

The most common problems in Central Europe. Protection is listed from the gentlest option.

High riskMedium riskLow riskRisk for this plant according to the source · no label = no documented level
Grey mould

Grey mould

Botrytis cinerea
Medium riskdisease
More about this problem

What you will see

Soft, rotting parts covered in a fuzzy grey coating.

The source says: it is among the perennials susceptible to grey mould.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
May–March

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Keep things clean: remove dead and diseased parts.
    • Ventilate polytunnels and greenhouses.
  2. By hand as soon as it appearsCarefully remove affected parts into a bag (spores spread easily) and dispose of them.
Grey moulddisease · May–MarchMedium risk

What you will see

Soft, rotting parts covered in a fuzzy grey coating.

The source says: it is among the perennials susceptible to grey mould.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
May–March

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Keep things clean: remove dead and diseased parts.
    • Ventilate polytunnels and greenhouses.
  2. By hand as soon as it appearsCarefully remove affected parts into a bag (spores spread easily) and dispose of them.
More about this problem

What you will see

Colonies of tiny insects on young shoots and under leaves, stunted and distorted growth, sticky honeydew and black sooty mould on it.

When to look

Spring and summer

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Tolerate a small number: aphids are food for beneficial insects.
    • Check plants often so you can act in time.
    • Encourage ladybirds, hoverflies, lacewings and parasitic wasps.
  2. By hand as soon as you spot themSquash colonies with your fingers or remove affected shoot tips.
  3. Biological before a heavy infestationIn a greenhouse you can buy in hoverfly larvae, lacewings and parasitic wasps.
  4. Chemical — only when nothing else helps according to the product labelLast resort only: a product authorised in your country against aphids. Try non-chemical methods first.
Aphidspest · spring and summer

What you will see

Colonies of tiny insects on young shoots and under leaves, stunted and distorted growth, sticky honeydew and black sooty mould on it.

When to look

Spring and summer

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Tolerate a small number: aphids are food for beneficial insects.
    • Check plants often so you can act in time.
    • Encourage ladybirds, hoverflies, lacewings and parasitic wasps.
  2. By hand as soon as you spot themSquash colonies with your fingers or remove affected shoot tips.
  3. Biological before a heavy infestationIn a greenhouse you can buy in hoverfly larvae, lacewings and parasitic wasps.
  4. Chemical — only when nothing else helps according to the product labelLast resort only: a product authorised in your country against aphids. Try non-chemical methods first.
More about this problem

What you will see

White powdery coating on leaves, stems and flowers.

When to look

From spring, especially later in the season

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Water regularly and do not let plants suffer from drought; mulch (leave the area by the stem clear).
    • Improve airflow around plants.
    • Grow varieties with partial resistance, if available.
  2. By hand as soon as it appearsRemove affected leaves early; dispose of fallen affected leaves in autumn.
Powdery mildewsdisease · from spring, especially later in the season

What you will see

White powdery coating on leaves, stems and flowers.

When to look

From spring, especially later in the season

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Water regularly and do not let plants suffer from drought; mulch (leave the area by the stem clear).
    • Improve airflow around plants.
    • Grow varieties with partial resistance, if available.
  2. By hand as soon as it appearsRemove affected leaves early; dispose of fallen affected leaves in autumn.
More about this problem

What you will see

Irregular holes in soft leaves and young shoots and slime trails; they feed at night.

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Plant sturdy potted plants, not delicate young seedlings.
    • Water in the morning, not the evening (evening watering helps them move around).
    • Encourage their natural enemies: birds, hedgehogs, toads, ground beetles.
  2. By hand evening, after rainPick them off by hand on damp evenings and take them far away. Traps: hollowed-out citrus halves placed cut side down, or sunken containers of beer; check in the morning.
  3. Biological when the soil is warm and moistSlug-specific nematodes (from a biological control supplier) are watered into the soil.
  4. Chemical — only when nothing else helps according to the product labelLast resort only: a product authorised in your country against slugs and snails. Try non-chemical methods first.
Slugs and snailspest

What you will see

Irregular holes in soft leaves and young shoots and slime trails; they feed at night.

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Plant sturdy potted plants, not delicate young seedlings.
    • Water in the morning, not the evening (evening watering helps them move around).
    • Encourage their natural enemies: birds, hedgehogs, toads, ground beetles.
  2. By hand evening, after rainPick them off by hand on damp evenings and take them far away. Traps: hollowed-out citrus halves placed cut side down, or sunken containers of beer; check in the morning.
  3. Biological when the soil is warm and moistSlug-specific nematodes (from a biological control supplier) are watered into the soil.
  4. Chemical — only when nothing else helps according to the product labelLast resort only: a product authorised in your country against slugs and snails. Try non-chemical methods first.
More about this problem
Sources (6)

Bed neighbours

Good and bad neighbours.

Each neighbour shows how we know it.

✓Good neighbours

Frequently asked

Quick answers.

When do I sow Belgian endive (witloof)?

In May–June (direct sowing).

When is Belgian endive (witloof) harvested?

In October–March.

Does Belgian endive (witloof) tolerate shade?

It tolerates part shade (3–6 hours of sun), but not full shade.

How much space does Belgian endive (witloof) need?

At maturity 0.15–0.6 m wide and 0.3–1.2 m tall; recommended spacing 15 cm.

Aphids — what can you do?

Tolerate a small number: aphids are food for beneficial insects. Squash colonies with your fingers or remove affected shoot tips.

Grey mould — what can you do?

Keep things clean: remove dead and diseased parts. Carefully remove affected parts into a bag (spores spread easily) and dispose of them.

Sources (10) Checked 27 October 2026

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