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Vegetable · Brassicaceae family

Kale

Brassica oleracea var. sabellica

Full sun 0.4–1.2 m × 0.3–1.2 m Harvest September–March Moderate care

In short a 10-second read

SunFull sun
Size0.4–1.2 m
spacing 45 cm
Water4 l
per plant a week
SowingMarch–June
HarvestSeptember–March
WinterNo winter protection

Where to plant and how much to water

Sun, soil and water.

It grows best in full sun, in average to moist soil.

Sun

Sun6 hours or more
Part shade3–6 hours
Shadeunder 3 h

Soil

acidic to neutral soil
acidicneutralalkaline
average to moistnot fussy about soil

Watering

Kale — Watering
4 lper plant a week
regularly until establishedonly in dry spellsless when it rains

Winter

no winter protection

How much space it takes

Mature size.

The mature plant next to a person (175 cm).

50 cm1 m1.5 m0.4–1.2 mspread 0.3–1.2 m
0.4–1.2 m× spread 0.3–1.2 m

Plant 45 cm apart.

How to plant: staggered, 45 cm apart

The final size depends on the cultivar and the spot — we give the range from smallest to largest.

Calendar

Through the year.

Months for Central Europe. The line shows the current month.

The year at a glance

Sowing: JanuarySowing: FebruarySowing: MarchSowing: AprilSowing: MaySowing: JuneSowing: JulySowing: AugustSowing: SeptemberSowing: OctoberSowing: NovemberSowing: DecemberFeeding: JanuaryFeeding: FebruaryFeeding: MarchFeeding: AprilFeeding: MayFeeding: JuneFeeding: JulyFeeding: AugustFeeding: SeptemberFeeding: OctoberFeeding: NovemberFeeding: DecemberHarvest: JanuaryHarvest: FebruaryHarvest: MarchHarvest: AprilHarvest: MayHarvest: JuneHarvest: JulyHarvest: AugustHarvest: SeptemberHarvest: OctoberHarvest: NovemberHarvest: DecemberCheck: JanuaryCheck: FebruaryCheck: MarchCheck: AprilCheck: MayCheck: JuneCheck: JulyCheck: AugustCheck: SeptemberCheck: OctoberCheck: NovemberCheck: DecemberJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
SowingFeedingHarvestCheck
Now, in October: time to harvest. · Check – Regularly check the undersides of brassica leaves, pick off eggs and caterpillars; consider mesh. · watch for cabbage caterpillars (cabbage white butterflies, cabbage moth, diamond-back moth) · watch for mealy cabbage aphid.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Sowing

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

sow indoors: March; direct sowing: March–June

Feeding

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

June–July

Harvest

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

September–March

Check

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

May–October: Regularly check the undersides of brassica leaves, pick off eggs and caterpillars; consider mesh. · April–October: Check brassicas for aphid colonies, especially the tips and the undersides of leaves.

Feeding

Nutrition.

Kale — Feeding
Horn meal

up to 150 g/m² · in 2 doses: at planting and 3–4 weeks later · June–July

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Pests and diseases

Common problems and what to do.

The most common problems in Central Europe. Protection is listed from the gentlest option.

High riskMedium riskLow riskRisk for this plant according to the source · no label = no documented level
Club root

Club root

Plasmodiophora brassicae
High riskdisease
More about this problem

What you will see

Thickened and distorted roots; plants lag behind and wilt.

The source says: in brassicas it causes swollen roots and severely stunted growth.

When to look

Midsummer to late autumn

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Buy plants only from a source guaranteed free of clubroot; be careful even with plants from friends.
    • Do not carry soil on tools, wheelbarrows and footwear.
    • On acid soil, lime (500 g/m², then 270 g/m² in following years) and improve drainage; this reduces the disease but does not rule it out.
    • Grow young plants on for longer in healthy soil (pots at least 9 cm) and plant them out larger; consider varieties with partial resistance.
  2. By hand as soon as it appearsDig up affected plants, roots included, and dispose of them (do not compost). There is no chemical product for gardeners against clubroot.
Club rootdisease · midsummer to late autumnHigh risk

What you will see

Thickened and distorted roots; plants lag behind and wilt.

The source says: in brassicas it causes swollen roots and severely stunted growth.

When to look

Midsummer to late autumn

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Buy plants only from a source guaranteed free of clubroot; be careful even with plants from friends.
    • Do not carry soil on tools, wheelbarrows and footwear.
    • On acid soil, lime (500 g/m², then 270 g/m² in following years) and improve drainage; this reduces the disease but does not rule it out.
    • Grow young plants on for longer in healthy soil (pots at least 9 cm) and plant them out larger; consider varieties with partial resistance.
  2. By hand as soon as it appearsDig up affected plants, roots included, and dispose of them (do not compost). There is no chemical product for gardeners against clubroot.
More about this problem
Cabbage whitefly

Cabbage whitefly

Aleyrodes proletella
Medium riskpest
More about this problem

What you will see

Tiny white winged insects and scales on the underside of leaves; sooty mould may form on top.

The source says: it can be a problem on kale.

When to look

As long as the crop is in the bed, winter included

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Tolerate it: it mostly affects only the outer leaves; it does more harm on kale, where young leaves are eaten.
    • Encourage parasitic wasps, which keep it naturally at a low level.
  2. By hand after harvestRemove heavily infested old leaves; dispose of brassica remains after harvest.
Cabbage whiteflypest · as long as the crop is in the bed, winter includedMedium risk

What you will see

Tiny white winged insects and scales on the underside of leaves; sooty mould may form on top.

The source says: it can be a problem on kale.

When to look

As long as the crop is in the bed, winter included

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Tolerate it: it mostly affects only the outer leaves; it does more harm on kale, where young leaves are eaten.
    • Encourage parasitic wasps, which keep it naturally at a low level.
  2. By hand after harvestRemove heavily infested old leaves; dispose of brassica remains after harvest.
More about this problem
Mealy cabbage aphid

Mealy cabbage aphid

Brevicoryne brassicae
Medium riskpest
More about this problem

What you will see

Grey-white aphid colonies under leaves and on growing tips; leaves of young plants are curled and pale.

The source says: it is common on brassicas.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
April–October

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Check brassicas often from spring, especially young plants and kale.
    • Dispose of old plants after harvest so it is not carried over into spring.
  2. By hand as soon as it appearsSquash colonies with your fingers where possible.
  3. Biological summerNatural enemies (ladybirds, hoverflies) usually reduce them in summer; in spring you often have to wait.
Mealy cabbage aphidpest · April–OctoberMedium risk

What you will see

Grey-white aphid colonies under leaves and on growing tips; leaves of young plants are curled and pale.

The source says: it is common on brassicas.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
April–October

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Check brassicas often from spring, especially young plants and kale.
    • Dispose of old plants after harvest so it is not carried over into spring.
  2. By hand as soon as it appearsSquash colonies with your fingers where possible.
  3. Biological summerNatural enemies (ladybirds, hoverflies) usually reduce them in summer; in spring you often have to wait.
More about this problem

What you will see

Holes in leaves and caterpillars on them.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
May–October

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Cover brassicas with mesh that does not touch the leaves (otherwise butterflies lay eggs through the mesh).
    • Tolerate some caterpillars: they are food for birds and parasitic wasps.
  2. By hand every week from springRegularly pick pale yellow butterfly eggs, round white moth eggs and caterpillars off the leaves.
  3. Biological when caterpillars are presentA mixture of pathogenic nematodes sprayed onto the leaves, ideally in cool, damp weather.
  4. Chemical — only when nothing else helps according to the product labelLast resort only: a product authorised in your country against caterpillars on brassicas. Try non-chemical methods first.
Cabbage caterpillars (cabbage white butterflies, cabbage moth, diamond-back moth)pest · May–October

What you will see

Holes in leaves and caterpillars on them.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
May–October

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Cover brassicas with mesh that does not touch the leaves (otherwise butterflies lay eggs through the mesh).
    • Tolerate some caterpillars: they are food for birds and parasitic wasps.
  2. By hand every week from springRegularly pick pale yellow butterfly eggs, round white moth eggs and caterpillars off the leaves.
  3. Biological when caterpillars are presentA mixture of pathogenic nematodes sprayed onto the leaves, ideally in cool, damp weather.
  4. Chemical — only when nothing else helps according to the product labelLast resort only: a product authorised in your country against caterpillars on brassicas. Try non-chemical methods first.
More about this problem

What you will see

Torn leaves, often only the stalks are left; brassicas are among the worst affected.

When to look

As long as the crop is in the bed, winter included

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • The only sure protection is to grow under netting or in a cage; scarers and repellents protect only briefly at best.
  2. By hand after plantingStretch netting over the crop (keep it taut and free of holes so birds do not get caught) or use a cage.
Pigeons (wood pigeon, feral pigeon)pest · as long as the crop is in the bed, winter included

What you will see

Torn leaves, often only the stalks are left; brassicas are among the worst affected.

When to look

As long as the crop is in the bed, winter included

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • The only sure protection is to grow under netting or in a cage; scarers and repellents protect only briefly at best.
  2. By hand after plantingStretch netting over the crop (keep it taut and free of holes so birds do not get caught) or use a cage.
More about this problem
Sources (6)

Bed neighbours

Good and bad neighbours.

Each neighbour shows how we know it.

✓Good neighbours

✕Bad neighbours

Frequently asked

Quick answers.

When do I sow kale?

In March–June (sow indoors, direct sowing).

When is kale harvested?

In September–March.

Does kale tolerate shade?

No, it needs full sun.

How much space does kale need?

At maturity 0.3–1.2 m wide and 0.4–1.2 m tall; recommended spacing 45 cm.

Club root — what can you do?

Buy plants only from a source guaranteed free of clubroot; be careful even with plants from friends. Dig up affected plants, roots included, and dispose of them (do not compost). There is no chemical product for gardeners against clubroot.

Cabbage caterpillars (cabbage white butterflies, cabbage moth, diamond-back moth) — what can you do?

Cover brassicas with mesh that does not touch the leaves (otherwise butterflies lay eggs through the mesh). Regularly pick pale yellow butterfly eggs, round white moth eggs and caterpillars off the leaves.

Sources (6) Checked 27 October 2026

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