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Tree · Salicaceae family

Goat willow

Salix caprea

Full sun to part shade in a garden 5–8 m × 3–4 m Flowers March to −34 °C
Flower colours Click a colour

In short a 10-second read

SunFull sun to part shade
in a garden after 10 years5–8 m
in the wild up to 10 m
spacing 2.5 m
FlowersMarch
PlantingMarch, October–November
WinterNo winter protection

Where to plant and how much to water

Sun, soil and water.

It grows best in full sun to part shade, in average to moist soil.

Sun

Sun6 hours or more
Part shade3–6 hours
Shadeunder 3 h

Soil

tolerates any pH
acidicneutralalkaline
average to moistloamyclaysandy

Watering

regularly until establishedat the base, not on the leavesless when it rains

Frost

−34 °C
no winter protectionleafless in winter

How much space it takes

Mature size.

The mature plant next to a person (175 cm).

1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 m8 m9 m10 m3.5–10 mspread 2.5–5 m
3.5–10 m× spread 2.5–5 m

Plant 2.5 m apart.

Reaches maturity in about 10–20 years. The final size depends on the cultivar and the spot — we give the range from smallest to largest.

Calendar

Through the year.

Months for Central Europe. The line shows the current month.

The year at a glance

Flowers: JanuaryFlowers: FebruaryFlowers: MarchFlowers: AprilFlowers: MayFlowers: JuneFlowers: JulyFlowers: AugustFlowers: SeptemberFlowers: OctoberFlowers: NovemberFlowers: DecemberPlanting: JanuaryPlanting: FebruaryPlanting: MarchPlanting: AprilPlanting: MayPlanting: JunePlanting: JulyPlanting: AugustPlanting: SeptemberPlanting: OctoberPlanting: NovemberPlanting: DecemberFeeding: JanuaryFeeding: FebruaryFeeding: MarchFeeding: AprilFeeding: MayFeeding: JuneFeeding: JulyFeeding: AugustFeeding: SeptemberFeeding: OctoberFeeding: NovemberFeeding: DecemberJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
FlowersPlantingFeeding
Now, in October: a good time for planting (container plant).
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Flowers

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

March · yellow

Planting

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

container plant: March, October–November

Feeding

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

May–June

What to plant now (October) full list in October (244) →

Feeding

Nutrition.

Horn meal

up to 55 g/m² a year, if the soil needs it · May–June

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Pests and diseases

Common problems and what to do.

The most common problems in Central Europe. Protection is listed from the gentlest option.

Willow scab

Venturia saliciperda
diseasesource covers the whole genus

What you will see

Unfolding leaves turn black and die in spring; the infection moves into the shoots, where cankers form.

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Rake up fallen leaves in autumn.
  2. By hand early spring; autumnCut out infected wood and dispose of it; rake up fallen leaves.
Willow scabdisease

What you will see

Unfolding leaves turn black and die in spring; the infection moves into the shoots, where cankers form.

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Rake up fallen leaves in autumn.
  2. By hand early spring; autumnCut out infected wood and dispose of it; rake up fallen leaves.

Willow cankers

disease

What you will see

Small black sunken lesions on branches and trunk, which can kill the tree within a few years.

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Keep the tree vigorous by feeding and watering in dry spells.

No known control.

Willow cankersdisease

What you will see

Small black sunken lesions on branches and trunk, which can kill the tree within a few years.

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Keep the tree vigorous by feeding and watering in dry spells.

No known control.

Willow aphids

pest

What you will see

Purple aphids on small twigs; the eggs overwinter there.

How to protect

  1. Gentle spray winter / growing seasonInsecticidal soap; dormant-season oil against the eggs.
Willow aphidspest

What you will see

Purple aphids on small twigs; the eggs overwinter there.

How to protect

  1. Gentle spray winter / growing seasonInsecticidal soap; dormant-season oil against the eggs.

Imported willow leaf beetle

Plagiodera versicolora
pestsource covers the whole genus

What you will see

Larvae scrape the leaf surface (skeletonisation); 2 generations a year.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
April–May

How to protect

  1. Biological spring–summerBacillus thuringiensis var. san diego (together with oil) against young larvae.
  2. Chemical — only when nothing else helpsOnly a product authorised in your country against the willow leaf beetle (follow the label; only if other steps are not enough).
Imported willow leaf beetlepest · April–May

What you will see

Larvae scrape the leaf surface (skeletonisation); 2 generations a year.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
April–May

How to protect

  1. Biological spring–summerBacillus thuringiensis var. san diego (together with oil) against young larvae.
  2. Chemical — only when nothing else helpsOnly a product authorised in your country against the willow leaf beetle (follow the label; only if other steps are not enough).
Sources (3)

Frequently asked

Quick answers.

When does goat willow flower?

In March; the flowers are yellow.

Does goat willow tolerate shade?

It tolerates part shade (3–6 hours of sun), but not full shade.

How much space does goat willow need?

At maturity 2.5–5 m wide and 3.5–10 m tall; recommended spacing 2.5 m.

Willow scab — what can you do?

Rake up fallen leaves in autumn. Cut out infected wood and dispose of it; rake up fallen leaves.

Willow cankers — what can you do?

Keep the tree vigorous by feeding and watering in dry spells.

Sources (14) Checked 24 October 2026

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