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Vegetable · Amaryllidaceae family

Onion

Allium cepa

Full sun 11¾ in–1 ft 5¾ in × 5⅞ in–11¾ in Harvest June–October Moderate care

In short a 10-second read

SunFull sun
Size11¾ in–1 ft 5¾ in
spacing 4 in
Water~0.98–1.37 qt/sq ft
a week in a dry summer
PlantingMarch–April, October–November
HarvestJune–October
Care levelModerate care

Where to plant and how much to water

Sun, soil and water.

It grows best in full sun, in average soil.

Sun

Sun6 hours or more
Part shade3–6 hours
Shadeunder 3 h

Soil

tolerates any pH
acidicneutralalkaline
averagehumus-richloamysandy

Watering

Onion — Watering
~0.98–1.37 qt/sq fta week in a dry summer
only in dry spellsdo not waterlogless when it rains

How much space it takes

Mature size.

The mature plant next to a person (69 in).

19¾ in3 ft 3⅜ in4 ft 11 in11¾ in–1 ft 5¾ inspread 5⅞ in–11¾ in
11¾ in–1 ft 5¾ in× spread 5⅞ in–11¾ in

Plant 4 in apart.

How to plant: in rows, 4 in in the row, 9¾ in between rows

The final size depends on the cultivar and the spot — we give the range from smallest to largest.

Calendar

Through the year.

Typical for a temperate climate (four seasons). The line shows the current month.

The year at a glance

Planting: JanuaryPlanting: FebruaryPlanting: MarchPlanting: AprilPlanting: MayPlanting: JunePlanting: JulyPlanting: AugustPlanting: SeptemberPlanting: OctoberPlanting: NovemberPlanting: DecemberFeeding: JanuaryFeeding: FebruaryFeeding: MarchFeeding: AprilFeeding: MayFeeding: JuneFeeding: JulyFeeding: AugustFeeding: SeptemberFeeding: OctoberFeeding: NovemberFeeding: DecemberHarvest: JanuaryHarvest: FebruaryHarvest: MarchHarvest: AprilHarvest: MayHarvest: JuneHarvest: JulyHarvest: AugustHarvest: SeptemberHarvest: OctoberHarvest: NovemberHarvest: DecemberProtection: JanuaryProtection: FebruaryProtection: MarchProtection: AprilProtection: MayProtection: JuneProtection: JulyProtection: AugustProtection: SeptemberProtection: OctoberProtection: NovemberProtection: DecemberJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
PlantingFeedingHarvestProtection
Now, in October: time to harvest. · Protection – Cover onions with fine mesh during the leaf miner's flight period (March–April, September–October). · watch for allium leaf miner.
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Planting

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

bulb: March–April, October–November

Feeding

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

March–April

Harvest

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

June–October

Protection

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

March–April, September–October (protection): Cover onions with fine mesh during the leaf miner's flight period (March–April, September–October).

What to plant now (October) full list in October (243) →

Feeding

Nutrition.

Onion — Feeding
Horn meal

up to 0.16 oz/sq ft · in 1 dose · March–April

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Pests and diseases

Common problems and what to do.

The most common problems in Central Europe. Protection is listed from the gentlest option.

High riskMedium riskLow riskRisk for this plant according to the source · no label = no documented level
Allium leaf miner

Allium leaf miner

Phytomyza gymnostoma
High riskpest
More about this problem

What you will see

White tunnels on leaves, with larvae or brown pupae in the stems and bulbs; rot follows.

The source says: it is a serious threat to allium crops.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
March–June, September–October

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Cover plants with fine mesh during the fly's flight period (peak March–April and September–October).
    • Rotate crops, otherwise flies can emerge from pupae under the mesh.
  2. By hand at the first symptomsRemove affected plants early and dispose of them.
Allium leaf minerpest · March–June, September–OctoberHigh risk

What you will see

White tunnels on leaves, with larvae or brown pupae in the stems and bulbs; rot follows.

The source says: it is a serious threat to allium crops.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
March–June, September–October

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Cover plants with fine mesh during the fly's flight period (peak March–April and September–October).
    • Rotate crops, otherwise flies can emerge from pupae under the mesh.
  2. By hand at the first symptomsRemove affected plants early and dispose of them.
More about this problem
Onion white rot

Onion white rot

Stromatinia cepivora
High riskdisease
More about this problem

What you will see

Yellowing and wilting leaves, rotting roots and onion base.

The source says: it is a serious disease of the onion family.

When to look

Midsummer to early fall

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • You can practically never clean soil once it has white rot: prevent it being introduced (soil on tools and footwear).
    • Do not grow alliums on affected soil.
  2. By hand as soon as it appearsDig up affected plants together with the surrounding soil and dispose of them; no chemical soil treatment is available to gardeners.
Onion white rotdisease · midsummer to early fallHigh risk

What you will see

Yellowing and wilting leaves, rotting roots and onion base.

The source says: it is a serious disease of the onion family.

When to look

Midsummer to early fall

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • You can practically never clean soil once it has white rot: prevent it being introduced (soil on tools and footwear).
    • Do not grow alliums on affected soil.
  2. By hand as soon as it appearsDig up affected plants together with the surrounding soil and dispose of them; no chemical soil treatment is available to gardeners.
More about this problem
Onion downy mildew

Onion downy mildew

Peronospora destructor
Medium riskdisease
More about this problem

What you will see

Leaves yellow and die back, with a mold layer that is first white, then purple.

The source says: closely spaced onions are especially vulnerable.

When to look

Late spring and summer

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Avoid crowded and sheltered, windless spots; weed so air can circulate.
    • Do not plant soft, moldy bulbs.
    • Dispose of affected plants and do not plant onions or shallots there for 5 years.
  2. By hand as soon as it appearsRemove affected plants and dispose of them.
Onion downy mildewdisease · late spring and summerMedium risk

What you will see

Leaves yellow and die back, with a mold layer that is first white, then purple.

The source says: closely spaced onions are especially vulnerable.

When to look

Late spring and summer

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Avoid crowded and sheltered, windless spots; weed so air can circulate.
    • Do not plant soft, moldy bulbs.
    • Dispose of affected plants and do not plant onions or shallots there for 5 years.
  2. By hand as soon as it appearsRemove affected plants and dispose of them.
More about this problem
Onion fly

Onion fly

Delia antiqua
Medium riskpest
More about this problem

What you will see

Yellowing and wilting leaves, damaged bulbs, destroyed seedlings.

The source says: the larvae can damage roots and bulbs and sometimes kill seedlings.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
June–July

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Grow onions from sets; they survive an attack by the 1st generation of larvae more easily.
    • Encourage ground beetles and rove beetles.
  2. By hand end of summerDig up heavily infested plants at the end of summer and burn them so the larvae do not complete their development.
  3. Biological June and JulyA mixture of pathogenic nematodes watered into the soil against young larvae (it also works on other soil insects).
Onion flypest · June–JulyMedium risk

What you will see

Yellowing and wilting leaves, damaged bulbs, destroyed seedlings.

The source says: the larvae can damage roots and bulbs and sometimes kill seedlings.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
June–July

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Grow onions from sets; they survive an attack by the 1st generation of larvae more easily.
    • Encourage ground beetles and rove beetles.
  2. By hand end of summerDig up heavily infested plants at the end of summer and burn them so the larvae do not complete their development.
  3. Biological June and JulyA mixture of pathogenic nematodes watered into the soil against young larvae (it also works on other soil insects).
More about this problem
Onion neck rot

Onion neck rot

Botrytis allii
disease

What you will see

The onion rots from the neck down, with gray mold on the surface and hard black sclerotia; it shows up in storage.

When to look

Symptoms in storage; infection during growth and harvest

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Buy seed and sets from a trusted supplier; do not grow onions on affected soil for 3 years.
    • Do not overfeed with nitrogen, and stop feeding after July.
    • At harvest, leave onions in the sun and dry, cover them when it rains; store with good airflow and check regularly.
  2. By hand at harvest and in storageDo not store thick-necked and damaged onions, use them straight away; discard rotting ones.
Onion neck rotdisease · symptoms in storage; infection during growth and harvest

What you will see

The onion rots from the neck down, with gray mold on the surface and hard black sclerotia; it shows up in storage.

When to look

Symptoms in storage; infection during growth and harvest

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Buy seed and sets from a trusted supplier; do not grow onions on affected soil for 3 years.
    • Do not overfeed with nitrogen, and stop feeding after July.
    • At harvest, leave onions in the sun and dry, cover them when it rains; store with good airflow and check regularly.
  2. By hand at harvest and in storageDo not store thick-necked and damaged onions, use them straight away; discard rotting ones.
Sources (7)

Bed neighbors

Good and bad neighbors.

Each neighbor shows how we know it.

✓Good neighbors

✕Bad neighbors

Frequently asked

Quick answers.

When is onion harvested?

In June–October.

Does onion tolerate shade?

No, it needs full sun.

How much space does onion need?

At maturity 5⅞ in–11¾ in wide and 11¾ in–1 ft 5¾ in tall; recommended spacing 4 in.

Allium leaf miner — what can you do?

Cover plants with fine mesh during the fly's flight period (peak March–April and September–October). Remove affected plants early and dispose of them.

Onion downy mildew — what can you do?

Avoid crowded and sheltered, windless spots; weed so air can circulate. Remove affected plants and dispose of them.

Sources (7) Checked 27 October 2026

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