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Tree · Pinaceae family

White fir

Abies concolor

Full sun in a garden 3–5 m × 1.5–3 m to −34 °C

In short a 10-second read

SunFull sun
in a garden after 10 years3–5 m
in the wild up to 25 m
spacing 3 m
PlantingMarch–April, September–October
WinterNo winter protection

Where to plant and how much to water

Sun, soil and water.

It grows best in full sun, in dry to average soil.

Sun

Sun6 hours or more
Part shade3–6 hours
Shadeunder 3 h

Soil

tolerates any pH
acidicneutralalkaline
dry to averageloamysandygravelly

Watering

regularly until establishedat the base, not on the leavesless when it rains

Frost

−34 °C
no winter protectiongreen in winter too

How much space it takes

Mature size.

The mature plant next to a person (175 cm).

1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 m8 m9 m10 m11 m12 m13 m14 m15 m16 m17 m18 m19 m20 m21 m22 m23 m24 m25 m15–25 mspread 3–12 m
15–25 m× spread 3–12 m

Plant 3 m apart.

Reaches maturity in about 20–50 years. The final size depends on the cultivar and the spot — we give the range from smallest to largest.

Calendar

Through the year.

Months for Central Europe. The line shows the current month.

The year at a glance

Planting: JanuaryPlanting: FebruaryPlanting: MarchPlanting: AprilPlanting: MayPlanting: JunePlanting: JulyPlanting: AugustPlanting: SeptemberPlanting: OctoberPlanting: NovemberPlanting: DecemberFeeding: JanuaryFeeding: FebruaryFeeding: MarchFeeding: AprilFeeding: MayFeeding: JuneFeeding: JulyFeeding: AugustFeeding: SeptemberFeeding: OctoberFeeding: NovemberFeeding: DecemberJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
PlantingFeeding
Now, in October: a good time for planting (container plant, root-balled).
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Planting

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

container plant: March–April, September–October; root-balled: March–April, September–October

Feeding

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

May–June

Feeding

Nutrition.

Horn meal

up to 55 g/m² a year, if the soil needs it · May–June

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Pests and diseases

Common problems and what to do.

The most common problems in Central Europe. Protection is listed from the gentlest option.

What you will see

Dieback of branches or the whole plant, smaller pale leaves. Under the bark at the root collar, white spongy tissue with a mushroom smell. Honey-coloured clusters of toadstools in autumn.

When to look

Mushrooms in late summer and autumn; mycelium in the soil all year

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Avoid highly susceptible species on risky ground; put a vertical barrier (plastic or butyl sheet) about 45 cm deep in the soil.
    • Do not use compost from affected wood around trees and shrubs.
  2. By hand all yearOnce confirmed, dig up and destroy affected roots and stumps; sink a 45 cm deep plastic barrier into the soil. There is no chemical control for gardeners.
Honey fungusdisease · mushrooms in late summer and autumn; mycelium in the soil all year

What you will see

Dieback of branches or the whole plant, smaller pale leaves. Under the bark at the root collar, white spongy tissue with a mushroom smell. Honey-coloured clusters of toadstools in autumn.

When to look

Mushrooms in late summer and autumn; mycelium in the soil all year

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Avoid highly susceptible species on risky ground; put a vertical barrier (plastic or butyl sheet) about 45 cm deep in the soil.
    • Do not use compost from affected wood around trees and shrubs.
  2. By hand all yearOnce confirmed, dig up and destroy affected roots and stumps; sink a 45 cm deep plastic barrier into the soil. There is no chemical control for gardeners.
More about this problem

Balsam woolly adelgid

Adelges piceae
pest

What you will see

White waxy tufts on woody parts. With heavy infestations, budding stops and twigs swell. Twisted new growth on fir, premature needle drop.

When to look

All year

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Minor infestations can often just be tolerated.
    • Encourage natural enemies: ladybirds, ground beetles, birds, hoverflies, parasitic wasps, lacewings.
  2. By hand when you see themSquash colonies with your fingers where you can reach them.
  3. Biological all yearEncourage natural enemies. Low winter temperatures and the beetle Laricobius erichsonii provide natural control.
  4. Chemical — only when nothing else helps according to the authorisationOnly a product authorised in your country against: silver fir woolly aphid (Adelges piceae). Follow current plant protection advice.
Balsam woolly adelgidpest · all year

What you will see

White waxy tufts on woody parts. With heavy infestations, budding stops and twigs swell. Twisted new growth on fir, premature needle drop.

When to look

All year

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Minor infestations can often just be tolerated.
    • Encourage natural enemies: ladybirds, ground beetles, birds, hoverflies, parasitic wasps, lacewings.
  2. By hand when you see themSquash colonies with your fingers where you can reach them.
  3. Biological all yearEncourage natural enemies. Low winter temperatures and the beetle Laricobius erichsonii provide natural control.
  4. Chemical — only when nothing else helps according to the authorisationOnly a product authorised in your country against: silver fir woolly aphid (Adelges piceae). Follow current plant protection advice.
Sources (4)

Frequently asked

Quick answers.

Does white fir tolerate shade?

No, it needs full sun.

How much space does white fir need?

At maturity 3–12 m wide and 15–25 m tall; recommended spacing 3 m.

Honey fungus — what can you do?

Avoid highly susceptible species on risky ground; put a vertical barrier (plastic or butyl sheet) about 45 cm deep in the soil. Once confirmed, dig up and destroy affected roots and stumps; sink a 45 cm deep plastic barrier into the soil. There is no chemical control for gardeners.

Balsam woolly adelgid — what can you do?

Minor infestations can often just be tolerated. Squash colonies with your fingers where you can reach them.

Sources (15) Checked 24 October 2026

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