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Tree · Sapindaceae familyornamental and medicinal · also in Medicinal herbs

Horse chestnut

Aesculus hippocastanum

Full sun to part shade in a garden 6–8 m × 4–6 m Flowers May to −34 °C
Flower colours Click a colour

In short a 10-second read

SunFull sun to part shade
in a garden after 10 years6–8 m
in the wild up to 25 m
spacing 15 m
FlowersMay
PlantingMarch–April, October–November
WinterNo winter protection
Watched as potentially invasive (CZ) — keep it away from the wild and do not let it spread.

Where to plant and how much to water

Sun, soil and water.

It grows best in full sun to part shade, in average to moist soil.

Sun

Sun6 hours or more
Part shade3–6 hours
Shadeunder 3 h

Soil

tolerates any pH
acidicneutralalkaline
average to moistloamyclayhumus-rich

Watering

only in dry spellsless when it rains

Frost

−34 °C
no winter protectionleafless in winter

How much space it takes

Mature size.

The mature plant next to a person (175 cm).

1 m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 m8 m9 m10 m11 m12 m13 m14 m15 m16 m17 m18 m19 m20 m21 m22 m23 m24 m25 m20–25 mspread 15–20 m
20–25 m× spread 15–20 m

Plant 15 m apart.

Reaches maturity in about 20–50 years. The final size depends on the cultivar and the spot — we give the range from smallest to largest.

Calendar

Through the year.

Months for Central Europe. The line shows the current month.

The year at a glance

Flowers: JanuaryFlowers: FebruaryFlowers: MarchFlowers: AprilFlowers: MayFlowers: JuneFlowers: JulyFlowers: AugustFlowers: SeptemberFlowers: OctoberFlowers: NovemberFlowers: DecemberPlanting: JanuaryPlanting: FebruaryPlanting: MarchPlanting: AprilPlanting: MayPlanting: JunePlanting: JulyPlanting: AugustPlanting: SeptemberPlanting: OctoberPlanting: NovemberPlanting: DecemberFeeding: JanuaryFeeding: FebruaryFeeding: MarchFeeding: AprilFeeding: MayFeeding: JuneFeeding: JulyFeeding: AugustFeeding: SeptemberFeeding: OctoberFeeding: NovemberFeeding: DecemberJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
FlowersPlantingFeeding
Now, in October: a good time for planting (container plant, bare-root, root-balled).
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Flowers

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

May · white

Planting

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

container plant: March–April, October–November; bare-root: March–April, October–November; root-balled: March–April, October–November

Feeding

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

May–June

Feeding

Nutrition.

Horn meal

up to 55 g/m² a year, if the soil needs it · May–June

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Pests and diseases

Common problems and what to do.

The most common problems in Central Europe. Protection is listed from the gentlest option.

Horse chestnut leaf miner

Cameraria ohridella
pest

What you will see

Elongated blotches on leaves, first white, then brown; caterpillars or pupae are visible against the light. By August most of the leaf is often mined, but the tree survives.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
June–September

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • In autumn, rake up and burn fallen leaves (the pupae overwinter in the leaves) or keep them in sealed bags until July.
  2. By hand October to NovemberCollect and burn fallen leaves; a pheromone trap for males on isolated trees.
  3. Biological June to SeptemberNatural enemies, parasitoid wasps and tits, keep numbers in check.
Horse chestnut leaf minerpest · June–September

What you will see

Elongated blotches on leaves, first white, then brown; caterpillars or pupae are visible against the light. By August most of the leaf is often mined, but the tree survives.

When to look

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
June–September

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • In autumn, rake up and burn fallen leaves (the pupae overwinter in the leaves) or keep them in sealed bags until July.
  2. By hand October to NovemberCollect and burn fallen leaves; a pheromone trap for males on isolated trees.
  3. Biological June to SeptemberNatural enemies, parasitoid wasps and tits, keep numbers in check.

Horse chestnut bleeding canker

disease

What you will see

Dark to reddish-brown sticky ooze runs from cracks in the bark. Under the bark, brown to purple discolouration. As it spreads, the crown dies back.

When to look

Cankers visible all year

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Grow from seed on site so that you do not bring in the disease with infected saplings.
    • Disinfect tools.
  2. By hand all yearMonitor; if the tree keeps declining, consider felling. Burn affected material; do not compost or shred it.
Horse chestnut bleeding cankerdisease · cankers visible all year

What you will see

Dark to reddish-brown sticky ooze runs from cracks in the bark. Under the bark, brown to purple discolouration. As it spreads, the crown dies back.

When to look

Cankers visible all year

How to protect

  1. Prevention
    • Grow from seed on site so that you do not bring in the disease with infected saplings.
    • Disinfect tools.
  2. By hand all yearMonitor; if the tree keeps declining, consider felling. Burn affected material; do not compost or shred it.
Sources (2)

Frequently asked

Quick answers.

When does horse chestnut flower?

In May; the flowers are white.

Does horse chestnut tolerate shade?

It tolerates part shade (3–6 hours of sun), but not full shade.

How much space does horse chestnut need?

At maturity 15–20 m wide and 20–25 m tall; recommended spacing 15 m.

Horse chestnut leaf miner — what can you do?

In autumn, rake up and burn fallen leaves (the pupae overwinter in the leaves) or keep them in sealed bags until July. Collect and burn fallen leaves; a pheromone trap for males on isolated trees.

Horse chestnut bleeding canker — what can you do?

Grow from seed on site so that you do not bring in the disease with infected saplings. Monitor; if the tree keeps declining, consider felling. Burn affected material; do not compost or shred it.

Sources (16) Checked 24 October 2026

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